The Butterfly Effect- Managing the Organization as System

MGT3901 Organization Theory Article 1 Chapter One The Butterfly Effect: Managing Your Organization as a System Because most things in life are part of larger systems, some seemingly trivial events can have significant impact. For example, in 1961, mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz took a shortcut in entering data in a weather prediction model. He innocently entered .506 instead of the full numeric value of.506127, and the result was a completely different weather prediction. In a 1963 paper, Lorenz commented that if the theory were correct, â€Å"one flap of a seagull’s wings could change the course of weather forever.† He later changed that metaphor to a butterfly, and now the phenomenon is widely labeled the â€Å"butterfly†¦show more content†¦Yes, the worldwide economy is a highly interconnected system. Most things in our lives are parts of larger systems, where various parts of the system interact and affect various other parts of the system. â€Å"Systems thinking,† then, is the process of understanding how things influence one another within a whole. ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · In nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems, in which various elements such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish. In the human body, various systems work together to sustain life. For example, the cardiovascular system (with the heart, veins, arteries, and blood) carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body; the neurological system supports movement, response to stimulus, and decision making; the digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.) supports digestion; and so forth. If any one of these systems (or any part of any one of these systems) is not working properly, the body suffers disease, disability, or some form of suboptimization that affects lifestyle or life in general. In automobiles, various systems work to enable the car to operate – the fuel system, the transmission system, the braking system, the heating/cooling system, the GPS navigation system, and so forth. All parts of the car work in combination to make the vehicle operate, and if anyShow MoreRelatedComplexity theory is a subset of chaos theory, it focuses on how groups of living things behave.800 Words   |  4 Pagesis the property of a real world system that is manifest in the inability of any one formalism being adequate to capture all its properties† (1). This carries major implications in the ability of project managers to follow through on each project parameter. Complexity theory aims to define how order and patterns arise out of seemingly chaotic systems and how complex behavior and structures emerge from simple underlying rules (2). Its focus is to determine how systems consisting of many elements canRead MoreStrategic Management vs Leadership3605 Words   |  15 Pagesleadership as the focal point while the business world and academe use texts such as those written by Bateman and Zeithaml and Schermerhorn take a totally opposite perspective. A more important question is â€Å"What differenc e does it make?† as long as the organization accomplishes its goals and objectives. Through the years as a military officer, a small business entrepreneur, a consultant, and now as an academic, I am struck by the continual looseness in the use of these terms. 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Service and Leadership Essay - 963 Words

Known to all as the foundation upon which we stand, the helping hands and guiding leaders of our global society are both the world’s tools for progression towards unconditional happiness. Kindled by religious enthusiasts and community leaders, these aspects of support and guidance are embedded in families, societies, and the future generations. Service and leadership make up the thread of our society. In homes, both parents and children can serve and lead. In the public aspect, advocates of religion, advisors in community service or social mediators for peace all have the ability to support and guide the neighborhood. In schools, educators and peers can both help each other and lead by example. Regardless of how a society functions,†¦show more content†¦I open up this perspective to my family, so that they may see that service and leadership yields goodness. 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The Economics of Unemployment A Comparative Analysis Free Essays

string(27) " for women compared to 47\." ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Ms. Asma Hyder who was a great help in the project. She was always available to help us with the problem areas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now She took out time for us at all times, putting her work aside therefore we thank her for the effort she has put into our project. Her encouragement has always inspired us as she helped us whenever we needed her help. She helped us in our problem areas all the time. It would have been a difficult task having to do our project without her help. Executive Summary: This report starts with the introduction of unemployment followed by the explanations of various types of unemployment. The report also contains the objective for doing the project and motivation behind doing research on this particular topic. The major portion of the report contains the data and its analysis which is done with the help of bar graphs . It also contains the reasons for increased unemployment and the consequences that Pakistan is facing due to increased unemployment. Some of the major governmental policies have also been discussed in this report and the effect of those policies. In the end a brief conclusion of the research work has also been given. The tables giving comparison of unemployment with age, sex and provinces are provided in the annexure. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:4 PRESENT SITUATION6 OBJECTIVE:8 MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC:8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY:9 LITERATURE REVIEW10 DATA12 Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age13 Required data:17 ANALYSIS19 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE20 Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart21 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE22 Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart22 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE23 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE25 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE26 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE27 CONCLUSION:30 GOVERNMENT POLICIES:32 PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT:33 REFERENCES:37 ANNEXURE39 INTRODUCTION: Unemployment refers to the inability for willing workers to find gainful employment. The degree of unemployment in a nation is one indicator of the economic health of the country. Many factors can negatively affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers, implementation of automation technologies, and job outsourcing to other nations. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT: Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment also known as demand deficient unemployment occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. This is caused by a business cycle recession and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium rate. Frictional Unemployment It represents people who are temporarily unemployed because they are in between jobs. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs because of the seasonal nature of some jobs (fruit pickers) Underemployed It refers to people who are working less than full-time hours but would like to work longer Long-term Unemployed These are people who have been unemployed for longer than 12 months. Hard core Unemployment: These are people who are unemployed due to their personal, mental or physical characteristics. Major Causes of Unemployment in PAKISTAN from Past to Present: 1. Employment in the private sector absolutely stopped because they shifted their capital to other countries because of nationalization of industrial units which badly affected the investment industrial sector. 2. The higher growth rate of population is the major cause of unemployment in Pakistan. The resources of the country are limited because population has exceeded the optimum level. . Karachi is the biggest industrial base of Pakistan, but investors are reluctant to invest there because of unrest and violence. 4. Our educational system is also responsible for increasing unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the choice of a career is unrealistic and unproductive. Rapid mechanization and computer technology also causing unemployment. 5. Lack of infrastructure and facilities in the field of energy, telecommunication and transportation also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. . Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in Pakistan 7. The government is not involving in capital expenditures which create more jobs. 8. Main issue of unemployment in our country is that when ever a new technology comes as software or hardware then all the people start to learn that. Then at the end, you will see tens of thousands of students of a particular field against about 5 to 10 job vacancies. 9. Things are not handled in appropriate manner, as the vacancies are less but job seekers are more than that. 10. Opportunities are not enough and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company needs employees then workers of that company will provide resume of their relatives and friends thereby influencing employment decisions, so in this way many people don’t get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. 11. Lastly, our country’s present law and order situation is proving very detrimental to the investment climate and is one of the main hindrances for achieving employment goals which need immediate remedy PRESENT SITUATION: Unemployment is a growing problem of every nation. Pakistan has reached a critical stage and joblessness is increasing daily. Moreover, downsizing in many government offices and within the private sector have exacerbated the problem Economists caution that unemployment is likely to grow at a more rapid pace in the years ahead. â€Å"Half the population is below 18 years of age,† â€Å"So entry into the labour force is fairly high and therefore the labour force growth numbers and the unemployment growth numbers will be very high. † Also the female participation in the labour force is amongst the lowest in Asia and comparable only to Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the labour force survey, the crude activity rate (which measures the percentage of labour force in the total population) stands at 9. 3 percent for women compared to 47. You read "The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis" in category "Papers" 6 percent for men. ?Latest Unemployment Rates in Pakistan: Unemployment Rates? Using Bar Chart: Unemployment Rates? Using Line Chart: OBJECTIVE: This topic has been selected with the objective of finding out what are the reasons that are behind increased unemployment in Pakistan. This objective led us towards the start of our project because unemployment is not a single dilemma of our country it has deep influence on other economic factors. Unemployment has a relation with inflation, GDP, country’s export which we are aim to find how this impact is going to effect and had affected our economy from past. Moreover our objective is to look at how we can improve the situation and how can we create unemployment in our country which will not be beneficial at macro but also effect at the micro level of our country. MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC: Unemployment is not a single problem it is related to many other problems that poorly impact the economic growth. Unemployment affects the social cost which includes increasing poverty, personal hardships, depression, decay of unused skills, and increase in crime as well as family disputes. In a nutshell, level of dissatisfaction rises higher and higher among unemployed people. In order to reduce the percentage of unemployment from our society we have planned to work on this issue as we have observed that the percentage of unemployment is increasing remarkably in our rural as well as urban areas. Secondly we are motivated that may be we provide our government and employers with some helpful suggestions that will increase the employment ratio. Keeping in view the present economic conditions prevalent in Pakistan in which country faces high inflation due to gap between revenues and expenses. It is suggested that Pakistan should pursue generating enough revenues, so as to meet its local and international commitments, needs to use its human resource or reduce unemployment by setting up new projects which can generate economic stimulus and thereby reduce gap between revenues and expenses which will impact other economic fundamentals. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY: Total duration: 12-weeks First Phase (3-weeks): Research from the Secondary data sources such as research journals HEC’s Digital Library Online Directories Economic Survey of Pakistan National Bureau of Statistics etc. Second Phase (5-weeks): Analysis of the collected data which will include Causes of Unemployment Effects of Unemployment on Economy Past trends how unemployment percentage increases and what are the factors behind them Representation of the trends through charts. Organization of the researched material Application of Statistical tools on the collected secondary data Third Phase (3-weeks): Interpretation based on the Statistical Analysis Conclusion LITERATURE REVIEW Kakwani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006). This paper deal with the method of unemployment. The author say we should also take those people in account who are earning below substances level of income in the labour market. The proposed methodology was applied to Brazil’s unit record household survey for the period starting from 1995 to 2004. According to author those people who r underpaid also consider themselves unemployed, because they are working only to survive. Unemployment is generally defined as not working or working few hours but if a person works voluntarily but earns a lot of money then he/she should not be considered as unemployed. In this article a new method is introduced that combines two aspects of labour market (unemployment and under employment) and arrives at a new index of unemployment that satisfy certain desirable properties. Marvin, D. Krohn (1999). This article is based on the correlation analyses of two variable namely unequal distribution of income and the unemployment which are becoming the major causes of crime. The result when further tested indicated that there exists a moderate positive relationship between unemployment and homicide rates, however a small negative relationship is observed between unemployment rates and total crime rates. When these results were investigated further to see if some relationship were due to the effects of industrialization or because of some other factors it was observed that the zero order correlation among the total crime rates are not changed. The details of these results are also discussed in the reference of the article. K. Rukhsana (2003). In this paper explores the factors responsible for unemployment in Pakistan. It is hypothesized that population and GDP exerts strong impact on Pakistan’s economy. Direct relationship is assumed to hold between unemployment and population. In this article 13 year data is taken for analysis on which regression is run to obtain the required results. According to the results that were obtained it could be concluded that radical increase in population will remove the employment opportunity and in order to reduce unemployment rate high growth in GDP is suggested. Therefore In order to bring employment opportunities in the country government should look on to the two areas i. e. control population and work in direction that would result in GDP. Hyder , A. (2007) This article is based on the unemployment is rising with striking proportion majorly because of the appeal of the public sector jobs , not in terms of wages , but surprisingly in terms of fringe benefits. People avoid the private sector despite lucrative packages being offered and tend to form long queues in wait for the public sector jobs. The basic elements supporting such impractical decisions are the cultural trends, financial dependency on parents even at later ages, and low movement of individuals from one place to another also makes them feel well-settled and satisfied, saving them from acute unemployment stress. These factors effectively support an individual’s unemployment status for the longer time duration. Regarding to the greater availability of public sector jobs in the urban areas these issues are definitely more significant there. Ghayur, S (1996) says 5% is the unemployment percentage and absorption capacity is 3%. Those employed, quarter of them find work to meet half their subsistence requirements. A tenth find their work cannot keep them busy more than 35 hours a week. There are long working hours , working conditions are poor and hazardous to health. Free trade regime is direct threat to employment safety. Labour laws are fragmented and child labour is widespread. Labour force is estimated at 34. 74 million (1993-94). Males account for 94% of labour force between the ages of 24-54 years. About 16. 8% boys and 6. 9% girls of the age group 10-14 comprise labour force. There is widespread unemployment and those that employed are under paid, working in poor conditions and have labour laws that can’t protect them. There is great potential for employment sectors such as agriculture to further increase their employment percentages as they are under employing labour force as discussed in the preceding paragraphs. DATA Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Table I Table II Table III Table IV Graph of the Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Graph I Graph II Graph III The above three graphs represent relation of unemployment with age and sex. From the above graph we have concluded that the percentage of unemployment is minimum for men between age 35-39 from year 1999-2007. Whereas the age group representing lowest percentage of unemployment among females is 45-49 from 1999-2004. However then unemployment in the women between age group of 35-39 showed lowest percentage from 2004-07. Required data: From the above tables and graphs we seperated the figures that meet our needs and transformed them into separate tables which are given below( The graphical analysis of this data is in the analysis Part). Table-I UNEMPLOYMENT AND GDP Table-II UNEMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT Table-III UNEMPLOYMENT AND EXPORTS Table-IV UNEMPLOYMENT,INFLATION,EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS BACKGROUND: We have selected three basic variables for analysis of unemployment rate over last 9 years. These include GDP growth, Investment and Exports. There are line and bar chart analysis of unemployment rate with all these three variables as well. In the end we have also conducted analysis of unemployment rate with respect to province, rural/urban and age wise. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE Comparison of GDP with unemployment using frequency curve Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of GDP Growth Rate: Increase in GDP growth rate shall cause overall decrease in unemployment rate. It can be seen from above graphical analysis on the collected data that from year 1999 to 2001 there was a decrease in GDP resulting in an increase in unemployment. i. e. lesser the growth of economy means lesser number of jobs thus increased unemployment. But as during the period of 2001-2002 Musharraf government took some drastic steps like creating jobs in IT sector thus there was a decrease in unemployment despite decrease in GDP and investment. On the other hand there was a steady growth in GDP from year 2002 onwards especially growth of services sector which included telecom, transport etc. , resulting in decreased unemployment. When Musharraf’s regime had established itself as stable government to the rest of the world especially after the first elections the economy of the Pakistan was at its peak. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Investment Growth Rate: Increase in investment will cause a decrease in unemployment. It can be seen that there was an increase in investment for years 1999-2001 but even then unemployment increased due to the fact that as the investment is always committed first and jobs are created later. But increase in investment had started to impact decrease in unemployment after year 2001 onwards. Overall there was a increase in investment thereby decreasing unemployment as it is clearly evident from the line and bar charts. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE Comparison of export growth rate with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Export Growth Rate: Increase in exports will cause a decrease in unemployment as more jobs are created for export related activities. It is observed from the collected data’s graphical analysis that exports for the year 1999-2000 registered a negative growth of -9. 8% thus there was a resultant increase in unemployment for the same period. But for the year 2000-2001 there was a high growth of 10. % in exports met by decrease in unemployment in later years. Exports continued to keep a same level of growth from 2001 to 2003 with almost 0 % growth for year 2002-2003 as compared to previous year. Thus there was an overall decrease in unemployment. But for the year 2003 when exports registered -0. 7 % growth there was a simultaneous increase in unemployment. For the rest of the years Pakistan did not register any negative export growth thus unemploy ment as a whole also decreased. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates in provinces Analysis of Unemployment Rate Province Wise: From the above graphical analysis we can see that in 1999 the unemployment was very high as compared to 2007. The reduction in the province wise unemployment is the result of overall reduction in unemployment all around the Pakistan. As Pakistan was recording high GDP growth rates from 2003-04 to 2006-07, overall the economy of the Pakistan was on the rise. The political and law and order enforcement situation was very stable, the Telecom sector was expanding a great deal in all the provinces which was creating a lot of jobs. During this period there were many public sector development programs in progress especially in underdeveloped areas which were offering jobs. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates rural and urban areas Analysis of Unemployment Rate Rural/Urban Wise: From the above bar diagram we can see that unemployment from 1999-00 to 2006-07 in both rural and urban areas decreased from 8. 1 to 4. 75% and from 10. 2 to 6. 7% respectively. In 1999 Pervez Musharraf took over the Government, because of which most of the countries in the world stopped supporting Pakistan and Pakistan had to suffer a lot of crises. When this govt. got stable and the countries of the world started to open up their relations with Pakistan then there was a lot of aid coming from all the developed countries which stabilized Pakistan’s financial condition. After 9/11 Afghan war also started and Pakistan got a lot of financial support from USA and many other countries of the world which acted as a cushion to Pakistan’s external and internal account deficit conditions thereby allowing spending to other developmental projects in rural and urban areas so as to reduce overall unemployment. From 2003 onwards there was a Telecom and IT boom in Pakistan. Musharraf Govt had steadily risen developmental spending from 2003 onwards, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for developmental projects in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social structure. Even the reconstruction of the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 created a lot of jobs for the people of Pakistan who contributed in different ways. During this period govt. was stable and there was peace all over the country, so there was a lot of investment committed to Telecom sector which created many jobs for the urban population. Also govt. ook many projects on its own to computerize almost all the ministries and associated departments like NADRA which also increased opportunities for computer literate persons. Many people started their own businesses in big cities which resulted in creating job opportunities for many people. Because of these reasons there was noticeable decrease in unemployment all around the Pakistan. ANAL YSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE 3-D bar chart showing unemployment with respect to age and gender in different years Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Analysis of Unemployment Rate Age Wise: It can be seen that overall unemployment rates are highest for 60 years and above age group as it is retirement age and very few jobs exist if any for such a age group in the country. Followed by this group, the high unemployment rate is in the age group of 10 to 19 years of age. Also such people are either employed in such sectors which fall in child abuse or not employed at all. Unemployment rate is lowest for 30 to 49 years of age group people. As such a age group has gone through enough of hard time and gained enough experience so as to ultimately find some good stable job and settle. On the other hand age group people of 20 to 29 years of age have high unemployment rate due to the above mentioned settling process that they are in. But still there are more job opportunities for 20 to 29 years of age group age group than 10-19 years of age group thus overall lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSION: Since unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan and the level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed. Increasing output of general education institutions is the major cause of educated young men’s unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. We have also concluded that the high share of highly educated unemployed person indicate a lack of sufficient professional and high level technical jobs. Another variable that could be impacting this ratio in a positive way is that many qualified jobseekers might be accepting employment below their skill level, or underemployment. It is interesting to note that the levels of education of unemployed females are relatively high. When looking at the unemployment rates by education level, women have seen a significant decline in levels below intermediate, but only a minor drop in the rate at degree level since 1999. There are several possible explanations for this. One explanation, as reflected in employment by status and employment by sector indicators, points at labour market segregation along gender lines, which is confirmed by research on the occupational distribution of the employed disaggregated by sex ( Nasir, 2005). Therefore, barriers may prevent women from obtaining employment in high skilled jobs for which they are qualified at (PET, 2007). Another explanation for the relatively high educational attainment levels of female unemployed is a mismatch between the skills required and those supplied. Indicators regarding the (pre employment) educational attainment of the labour force are not sufficient to assess the extent to which the education and training system provides the skills that are required by the economy. Moreover no career guidance, lack of awareness regarding available jobs, high expectations without commensurate experience, little understanding of work ethics and the weak economy. This situation can be improved by small enterprise development (SED) activities, entrepreneurial and technical skills, increased financial resources and management skills, and increased participation of women in economic activities providing more income for the family as compared to a single breadwinner. Government has initiated many unemployment reduction programs some of them worked but not to large extent ,if these programs had worked there will be not only increased unemployment but also decrease in poverty will be observed as people get more jobs poverty will be eliminated from the society. Due to increased terrorist attacks uncertainty has also increased and many multinational and foreign companies are not willing to set up their business in Pakistan this had also hindered the opportunities of unemployment. GOVERNMENT POLICIES: The most important fundamental right is none else than the availability of a productive work opportunity to the able and willing to work citizen of a country. Recognition of this right is duly acknowledged in the Constitution of Pakistan. The article 38 of the Constitution states that â€Å"the State shall provide for all citizens †¦. facilities for work and adequate livelihood with reasonable rest and leisure†. In fact, the state is also required to provide social security by compulsory social insurance as well as basic necessities of life to those permanently or temporarily unable to earn livelihood. The Government is pursuing policies that motivate and promote the private sector, whereby its role is expanded in employment augmenti ng activities. Though the private sector is responding, the growth is largely concentrated in the informal sector. The informal sector is not preferred as it has low wages and largely poor working conditions. In rural areas, agriculture is the mainstay but the average land holdings are small and corporate farming as yet to take grounds. †¢Making employment central in economic and social policy making, †¢ †¢Emphasis on both the quantity and quality of jobs generated in the economy. †¢Increasing employment intensity of growth and creation of decent employment through appropriate macro, trade, labor market and sectoral policies. †¢Strengthen institutions to create an efficient and equitable labor market. Active involvement of employers’ and workers’ organizations and civil society in formulation of employment policy. †¢Create favorable conditions for growth of the private sector especially SMEs and other labor absorbing sectors. †¢Create a competitive and productive world class labor force, and Strengthen institutional machinery for employment policy making, HRD and monitoring labor market development PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT: The Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) for the fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over 2003-04 PSDP of Rs 160 billion. Since the focus of PSDP for 2004-05 has been on accelerating growth, increased funds for PSDP would mean enhancing public sector investment to generate employment thus raising overall growth. Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labor Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, has been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritize them on market demand and to facilitate the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. These councils have met the diversified training needs of the industrial and commercial sectors and have trained 46, 674 persons so far. Technical and vocational training enhances the employability of the work force. There are 315 training institutes under NTB across Pakistan, which also includes all TEVTA institutions in Punjab. They offer vocational courses in 80 trades and the net output capacity of these institutions is 150,000 per year. At present the training capacity of 28,050 trainees is available under the Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) Punjab and the other Provincial Directorates of Manpower and Training. Besides 8807 apprentices are being trained under the Apprenticeship Training Program in the country. A Ten Year Perceptive Development Plan for the period 2001-11 is under implementation and accelerating GDP growth and reducing unemployment are among its major goals. This plan envisages creating 11. 3 million new job opportunities through investment of Rs. 11287 billion during the Plan period. As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5. 1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 604 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05. On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1. 99 percent in 2003-04, has declined to 1. 9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8. 3 percent in 2001-02 to 7. 7 percent in 2003-04. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) represents a signifying component of Pakistan’s economy in terms of value. They are highly labor intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labor force. The growth of SMEs has mainly been hampered by the non-availability of credit in the past. Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing program for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. The SME Bank was established on January, 1, 2002 with the primary objective of providing financial assistance and business support to small and medium enterprises. A large number of SMEs are being financed under its program lending scheme namely â€Å"Hunarmand Pakistan Scheme† in such businesses as fan manufacturing, cutlery, manufacturing, surgical instruments, doctors and dentists clinic, women entrepreneurs, CNG stations, auto looms, auto parts manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, motorcycle rickshaws etc. Up to 31st January 2005 the SME Bank financed 4522 SMEs and disbursed loans amounting to Rs. 3031. 57 million and has been successful in creating 9044 employment opportunities in the country. Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 – a microfinance institution – under a public-private partnership program. It has also encouraged private sector to setup microfinance banks in Pakistan. So far three microfinance banks have become operational during 2001-04. Two applications for setting up microfinance banks in private sector are under process for licensing. The outreach of these four institutions has increased to half a million households in just 4-5 years. In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs. 4. 5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provide substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy. The sector, through linkages effect with about 40 building material industries, supports investment and growth climate and help reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor households. During the last two years, the government has taken various budgetary and non-budgetary measures, which are now yielding positive results. Construction activity in Pakistan is booming; demand for construction-related materials has surged. Many national and international real estate developers have launched or launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country. Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8. 2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years. Economic growth is the engine of employment generation and poverty alleviation. In order to sustain this spectacular pace of growth and maintain healthy and vigorous macroeconomic indicators would require a prolonged period of macroeconomic stability, financial discipline, and consistent and transparent policies. These, along with improved governance and better quality infrastructure would encourage private sector to play a leading role in promoting investment and growth. The government on its part must identify and promote sectors, which are considered not only to be the major drivers of growth but also have the greatest potential of creating more employment opportunities. Since it took almost a decade for unemployment and poverty to reach at this level, it would be unreasonable to expect that both unemployment and poverty will decline in the short-run. But this does not mean that it is an unattainable objective. REFERENCES: Ghayur,S (1996) Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, working Condition, and Child Labour, the Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Vol. 35 (4), pages 789-803. Hyder, A (2007) â€Å"Preference for Public Sector –Jobs and Wait Unemployment†, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, (Working Paper No20). K. Rukhsana (2003), Population and Unemployment: A Dilemma to Resolve,† The Icfai University Journal of Applied Economics â€Å"Vol: 3 August, pp. 7-15. Kakawani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006), A Note on Measuring Unemploymentâ€Å"International Poverty center, United Nation Develop Program†. September2006 (Working Paper No 28). Marvin D. Krohn (1999), Inequality, Unemployment and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 303-313. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2001-02), Labour Force Survey 2001-02, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2003-04), Labour Force Survey 2003-04, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-06), Labour Force Survey 2005-06, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2006-07), Labour Force Survey 2006-07, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Papua†What is unemployment†. Online posting 18 November 2007. Reader Responses, Wise Geek Journal http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-unemployment. htm 2. Jobs in Pakistan, Jobs in Middle East† Berozgar job article section Friday, June 13th, 2008 at 11:44 am, December 22, 2008 http://bayrozgar. com/blog/2008/06/13/pakistan-unemployment-causes-and-solutions/ 3. †Pakistan unemployment rate†CIA world factbook 16 May 2008, December 22,2008 http://indexmundi. com/pakistan/unemployment_rate. html ANNEXURE Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Civilian Labour Force Employed and Unemployed: Pakistan and Provinces Table-1 Table-2 Table -3 Table-4 Distribution of Population: Education and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Unemployment Rates by Area and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 How to cite The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis, Papers

Masters of International Relations administration of Donald Trump

Question: Discuss about the Masters of International Relations. Answer: The administration of Donald Trump changed the milieu of the U.S politics. The new government unfolds the development and ramifications of the state-based policies and regulations. The epoch of Donald Trump manifests the changing dynamics of the American politics and administration (Stanford 2017). At the same time, it profoundly influences the cultural and societal domains of the United States of America. With the advent of Donald Trump, many regulations covering business areas relegate to the background. The administration of Donald Trump seeks to deconstruct ninety state regulations during his short tenure in the office of the White House. Some ninety state-based regulations covering the wide gamut of business interests are abated by Donald Trumps regime. Donald Trump concluded an executive order that aims to attenuate federal regulations, which necessitated agencies to lessen two current regulations (Fuchs 2017). At the same time, the White House intends to establish an annual cap on the making of new policies or regulations in U.S.A. White House chief strategy-maker, Stephen Bannon opines that the rule of Donald Trump seeks to deconstruct the administrative state. The colossus de-regulation effort is considered to be a paradigm shift in the framing of regulatory policies in several decades (Fuchs, C., 2017). Despite the reduction of business regulations across the states, the regu latory bodies subsist to expand. This is the moot point. In order to comprehend the matter, one should have a cognizance of the economic history of the United States of America. In this context, it is indispensable to underline the definition of regulation that covered business interest in the United States of America. Regulation is described as legislation foisted by a government on collective individuals and private firms. The regulations aim to modify economic patterns prevalent across the states (Kochen 2016). At the other end of the spectrum, deregulation indicates the process of eliminating state regulations, particularly in the economic domain. In this context, one has to read and understand the history of regulation of the United States of America. The veritable question, what does the word deregulation mean? The regulated industries captured the regulatory agencies of the government. These regulatory agencies aim to feed the interests of the industries. It is important to delve into the economic history of U.S.A and understand the problem. During the Progressive Epoch (1890s1920), the influential presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and William Howard Taft deliberated on the revamping of American economy and managed colossus business and industry. Some of the remarkable changes included decimation and repealing of holistic business models, the framing of laws concerning the American buyers, the establishment of government salary, the foundation of Federal Reserve and the formation of flexible working schedule. In addition, the changes involve maintenance of moderate wages, improving living plight and establishment of human right and insurance councils. It led to the development of welfare nations in the United States (Kroszner and Strahan 2014). During the progressive era, the regulatory bodies pervaded the national terrain. The country saw the stifling phase of regulation that mostly influenced the economic and social sphere of the United States of America (Kroszner and Strahan 2014). Deregulation gained a new dimension in the mid-20th century, impacted by the extensive work of the Chicago school of financial aspects. At the same time, the hypothesis of George Stigler and other scholars influenced the sphere (Gilligan 2014). The new thoughts were broadly propagated by both traditionalists and liberal scholars. Two very significant research institutions in Washington, the American Enterprise Institute and the Brookings Institution were brilliant in conducting classes and delivering lectures related to the topic of deregulatory shift in US economy. The business analyst of the Cornell University, Alfred E. Kahn assumed a major part in conjecturing and showing an unflagging interest in the Carter Administration related to deregulation of transportation (Eisner 2015). Despite the subsistence of deregulation efforts of the United States of America, the regulatory bodies and agencies have expanded across the states (Kroszner and Strahan 2014). The regulatory weight augmented in the early 21st century with the influence of twenty six new developed rules. There are several directions that emanate from office and they plan to abolish many real principles, which involve Dodd-Frank and Obama care. Changes in the administrative procedure are basically required. Among these: congressional endorsement before any new significant control produces results; investigations of the administrative outcomes of all proposed enactment before a vote is held; dusk due dates in law for every real direction; and survey of autonomous offices' controls, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), in the White House administrative audit process (Eisner 2015). Red Tape is pervasive and is entrenched in the American society and economic institutions (Eisner 2015). There is no official record of aggregate administrative expenses, as there are government tax assessment and spending. Millions and trillions of dollars flushed out from the States treasury, leading to a problematic scene. A complete wellspring of information on new directions is the Federal Rules Database kept up by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). As indicated by the GAO information, government controllers issued 2,185 new guidelines amid the 2013 "presidential year" (January 21, 2013, to January 20, 2014) (Eisner 2015). Out of these, 77 were given the epithet of "major." Forty-six of these real principles include regulatory or composed budget policies, for instance, Medicare installment rates in nature, for example, Medicare installment rates and chasing caps on transitory feathered creatures. A composite of 26 was suggestive controls, which augment troubles on private area movement. During first five-six years of the reign of Obama, one fifty seven such suggestive principles were introduced. It said that sixty two such tenets were issued during the initial period of George W. Shrubbery. Three of the 2013 tenets diminished administrative weights, conveying the five-year aggregate to 15. This looks at to five such "deregulatory" activities amid President Bush's fifth year and a sum of 20 amid his initial five years (Grubel 2017). The application of the DoddFrank demonstration ruled rule-making in 2013, representing 13 of the 26 new significant tenets issued amid President Obama's fifth year. These tenets cover an expansive scope of money related exercises from Securities and Exchange Commission direction of merchants and civil advisors to Commodity Futures Trading Commission runs on subsidiaries (Grubel 2017). The most dangerous new guidelines of 2013 originated from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which include four significant principles that limit access to home loan credit. These tenets cover the whole gamut of funding a home, which include contract substitutes, forming the schedule and routine of installment and forming of qualification values (Grubel 2017). In spite of the possibly tremendous effect, the CFPB neglected to measure the real expenses of these standards. Despite the initiation of deregulation policies, these regulation principles remain underrated. Out of the 2013 guidelines for which expenses were evaluated, the most costly was an Obama care-related command together issued by the Internal Revenue Service, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Health and Human Services. At a cost of $1 billion every year, the control requires individual and gathering safety net providers, and also bunch wellbeing arrangements, to give "equality" in advantages between psychological wellness and substance mishandling administrations and therapeutic/surgical advantages (Gilligan 2014). The American administration witnessed new avenues with the rise of President Donald Trump. Trump endeavors to lessen controls and cut corporate taxes. Critics of Trump's financial and administrative motivation have raised worries that his organization will decrease securities for purchasers and the earth with an end goal to help organizations. A number of the particular directions Trump has scrutinized identify with natural security (Al-Ubaydli et al. 2014). The organization said the guidelines would not influence free offices, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission. On the other hand, the Qui Tam and Whistleblower regulations permeate the political and economic topography of USA. President Donald Trump issued an official order guiding the secretary of the treasury to audit government control of the monetary administration's area. Many view the request as the start of his tremendously guaranteed rollback of the Dodd-Frank Act, the law gone in 2010 to address what many seen as the lacking control of the money related part that prompted the Great Recession (Gilligan 2014). Trump's announcements against Dodd-Frank, both as an applicant and as president, have concentrated on what he sees as the over-direction of the monetary division. Dodd-Frank, in any case, additionally made two informants remunerate programs and improved existing informant assurances for representatives of traded on an open market organization and those in the fund. Trump shows unflagging interest in the matter of how the resurgence of the law may influence informants; however, there are solid signs that these arrangements may survive the attack (Bettencourt 2014). As of now the essential Repub lican-affirmed outline for disassembling Dodd-Frank is the Financial CHOICE Act, supported by Rep. Jeb Ensnarling, R-Texas (Boatright 2015). Speaking briefly, the administration of Donald Trump entails several deregulatory measures that cover the business interests of America. Despite the continuance of efforts, the regulation policies subsist and permeate the economic landscape of America. References Al-Ubaydli, O. and McLaughlin, P.A., 2014. RegData: A Numerical Database on Industry-Specific Regulations for All US Industries and Federal Regulations, 1997-2012. Bettencourt, B.D., 2014. The Dodd-Frank Act (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State Univerisity).Fukuyama, F., 2014. Political order and political decay: From the industrial revolution to the globalization of democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Boatright, R., 2015. The Deregulatory Moment?. University of Michigan Press. Eisner, M.A., 2015, July. Beyond Deregulation: Explaining the Dynamics of Contemporary Regulatory Change. In International Conference on Public Policy (Vol. 3). Fuchs, C., 2017. Donald Trump: A Critical Theory-Perspective on Authoritarian Capitalism. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism Critique, 15(1), pp.1-72. Gilligan, G., 2014. Whistleblowing protections and judicial activism in the US Supreme Court. Law and Financial Markets Review, 8(1), pp.4-7. Grubel, H., 2017. Regulations and Economic Freedom Will Trumps Regulatory Reforms Succeed?. Kochen, M., 2016. The Need for Campaign Finance Deregulation. Political Analysis, 18(1), p.7. Kroszner, R.S. and Strahan, P.E., 2014. Regulation and deregulation of the US banking industry: causes, consequences, and implications for the future. In Economic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned? (pp. 485-543). University of Chicago Press. Stanford, J., 2017. US private capital accumulation and Trumps economic program.

Homosexuality Nature or Nurture Essay Example

Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture Paper Abstract The quest to achieve ultimate unity has become quite the hot topic in present years. In Ryan D. Johnson’s online research article, Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture, an explanation of homosexuality is broken down so the world has a better understanding of homosexuals. As referred to in the title, the origin of homosexuality has been debated to be because of nature or nurture. Basically, are people gay because it’s their personal choice or is it just who they are? The idea behind nurture is that the way one was raised can eventually affect a child’s sexual preference. In the first paragraph of this study, Johnson travels back to ancient Greece claiming that homosexuality has been around for ages, yet the root of the question still seems to be up in the air. According to the APA â€Å"sexual orientation is not a choice†¦[but] social theorists argue that on individual’s upbringing can directly influence this† (Johnson 1). Biological theorists believe that there is an actual genetic way of justifying homosexuality. Scientists and Psychoanalysts have evaluated the chromosomes of straight and gay males nonetheless the hypothalamus, and other certain wavelengths of their brains to find any comparisons to give reason to such different sexual preferences. This study focuses on the internal and external factors that could possibly contribute to and elucidate how one is a homosexual. The first experiment that Johnson assessed was that of Alfred Kinsey from the University of Indiana. We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His target objective was ‘1) to find out how many adult males engaged in homosexual behavior, and 2) to suggest theories about [how] it came to be. ’ Many men said they had not participated in any homosexual relationships, yet more answered yes when asked about same-sex relationships. This shows that most men feel more comfortable with having an encounter with two other women, but not another male. Then again this is the typical heterosexual man, or the closeted homosexual that skew such statistics. This study was also conducted in the 1930’s, so homosexuality wasn’t as accepted as it is today. Karen Hooker took it in her hands to perform what is known as the first psychological tests to discover whether homosexuality was a mental illness or that of personal preference. She found that between the straight and gay men who were involved in the test, there was no difference in her findings. Homosexuality was from there on out no longer to be considered a mental disorder or illness, but an expression of one’s true nature. D. F. Swaab wanted to look into the cranial aspects of homosexuality. â€Å"Swaab found in his post-mortem examination of homosexual males’ brains that a portion of the hypothalamus of the brain was structurally different than a heterosexual brain’’(Johnson 2). This just shows that gay males have a super-hyper sex drive compared to heterosexual men. A heightened libido can explain the promiscuity of most gay males but it’s not enough to narrow that to only homosexuals. In 1991 a man named Simon LeVay followed execution of the Swaab’s hypothalamus theory. Since this experiment, along with Swaab’s, was exercised on the non-living the moral aspects are questionable, although these brains were those of AIDS patients. Finding that â€Å"the third interstitial notch of the anterior hypothalamus was two to three times smaller in homosexual men then in heterosexual men†(Johnson 3). According to LeVay this fact proves that homosexuality is derived from the make up of one’s brain. J. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard did one of the most interesting experiments. They studied the variation of homosexuality in identical and fraternal twins, along with non-related adopted brothers. Identical brothers are more likely to be gay compared to fraternal and non-related brothers. The closer two are genetically the more likely one twin is to be gay. This was also found in a study with female counterparts. To focus more on the nurture part of this article, many sociobiologists and sociobehavoirists take a look at the parents and how one was brought up. If there was a weak father figure and a strong motherly figure then homosexuality is said to be more common because the child was unable to overcome their ‘Oedipus syndrome. Also the certain roles that are given to children at young ages have a common effect on sexuality, whether they follow a male and female stereotype that is. How a child is raised, what they witness and experience as they grow up all come together under the idea that nurture over nature has a bigger influence on a person’s sexuality. Therefore this article was quite informative about all the research that has been done over the years to de termine the nature verse nurture question dealing with homosexuality. The article was not as descriptive with calculations and didn’t go too in-detail about what each experiment entailed but the outcomes gave enough data to let the reader establish their own opinion. Kinsey’s findings claimed that many men were not comfortable with the idea of two men together, but another same-sex relation, being women, didn’t bother them. These ‘facts’ were pretty irrelevant since the experiment was very outdated and didn’t mention whether nature or nurturing were involved but just the appeal of being gay. Also it never mentioned how homosexuality came to be, as Kinsey claimed was one of the reasons for the experiment. Hooker did a great analysis to prove that homosexuality was completely not a mental disorder yet a decision of the heart. Swaab’s focus was on how the brains of a homosexual and a heterosexual differed. Concluding that since a part of a gay male’s hypothalamus is enlarged their sex drive is also larger. This theory needed more information and tests to back it up. Levay’s study dealt also with how one’s brain anatomy plays a role in one’s sexuality. Lastly Pillard and Bailey decided that when it comes to twins and sexuality the closer they are in genetic make up the more likely one will be homosexual. The satisfactoriness of this study was adequate in representing the male’s point of view of homosexuality but there was little no to reference to women. The theoretical framework was lacking for this reason. In order to determine whether homosexuality is a matter of nature or nurture this study should’ve involved both sexes to develop a fully rounded conclusion. No ethics other then that of experimenting on the non-living brain were overturn. The meaningfulness of the survey on the other hand, held great weight. The importance of teaching the masses that homosexuality is not a choice but who a person is inside cannot be stressed enough. Nature cannot be scientifically explained sometimes, and nurturing only plays a role for so long. The whole point of this study was to show how everyone is equal and should be treated equal no matter their sexual orientation, our anatomies might be different along with our chemical make up, but that doesn’t just involve sexual orientation. Everyone is different, and no study should have to make sense of that.

Facts on Mass Shootings in the US

Facts on Mass Shootings in the US On Oct. 1, 2017, the Las Vegas Strip became the site of the deadliest mass shooting in American history. A shooter murdered 59 people and injured 515, bringing the victim total to 574.  If it seems as if the problem of mass shootings in the U.S. is getting worse, thats because it is. Heres a look at the history of mass shootings to explain the historical and contemporary trends. Definition of Mass Shooting   First, its important to define this type of crime. A mass shooting is defined by the FBI as a public attack, distinct from gun crimes that happen within private homes, even when those crimes involve multiple victims, and from drug- or gang-related shootings. Historically, through 2012, a mass shooting also has been considered a shooting in which four or more people were shot. In 2013, a new federal law reduced the figure to three or more. The Frequency of Mass Shootings Increasing Every time a mass shooting occurs, a debate is spurred in the media about whether such shootings are happening more often than they used to. The debate is fueled by a misunderstanding of what mass shootings are. Some criminologists argue that they are not on the rise because they count them among all gun crime, a relatively stable figure year-over-year. However, considering mass shootings as defined by the FBI, the disturbing truth is that they are rising and have increased sharply since 2011. Analyzing data compiled by the Stanford Geospatial Center, sociologists Tristan Bridges and Tara Leigh Tober found that  mass shootings have progressively become more common since the 1960s. Through the late 1980s, there were no more than five mass shooting per year. Through the 1990s and 2000s, the rate fluctuated and occasionally climbed as high as 10 per year. Since 2011, the rate has skyrocketed, climbing first into the teens then peaking at 473 in 2016, with the year 2018 ending at a total of 323 mass shootings in the U.S. Number of Victims Rising Data from the Stanford Geospatial Center, analyzed by Bridges and Tober, shows that the number of victims is rising along with the frequency of mass shootings. The figures for deaths and injuries climbed from below 20 in the early 1980s to spike sporadically through the 1990s to 40 and 50-plus and reach regular shootings of more than 40 victims through the late 2000s and 2010s. Since the late 2000s, there have been 80-plus to 100 deaths and injuries in some mass shootings. Most Weapons Legally Obtained; Many Were Assault Weapons Mother Jones  reports  that of the mass shootings committed since 1982, 75 percent of the weapons used were obtained legally. Among those used,  assault weapons and semi-automatic handguns with high-capacity magazines  were common. Half of the weapons used in these crimes were semi-automatic handguns, while the rest were rifles, revolvers, and shotguns. Data on weapons used, compiled by the FBI, shows that if the failed Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 had been passed, the sale of 48 of these guns for civilian purposes would have been illegal. Uniquely American Problem Another debate that crops up in the media following a mass shooting is whether the U.S. is exceptional for the frequency at which mass shootings occur within its borders. Those who claim that it does not often point to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data which measures mass shootings per capita based on a countrys total population. Looked at this way, the data indicates that the U.S. ranks behind nations including Finland, Norway, and Switzerland. However, this data is based on populations so small and events so infrequent that its statistically invalid. Mathematician Charles Petzold explains on his blog why this is so, from a statistical standpoint, and further explains how the data can be useful. Instead of comparing the U.S. to other OECD nations, which have much smaller populations than the U.S. and most of which have had just one to three mass shootings in recent history, compare the U.S. to all other OECD nations combined. Doing so equalizes the scale of population and allows for a statistically valid comparison. This indicates that the U.S. has a mass shooting rate of 0.121 per million people, while all other OECD countries combined have a rate of just 0.025 per million people (with a combined population three times that of the U.S.). This means that the rate of mass shootings per capita in the U.S. is nearly five times that in all other OECD nations. This disparity is not surprising given that  Americans own nearly half of all civilian guns in the world. Mass Shooters Nearly Always Men Bridges and Tober found that of the mass shootings that have occurred since 1966, nearly all were committed by men. Just five of those incidents- 2.3 percent- involved a lone woman shooter. That means men were the perpetrators in nearly 98 percent of mass shootings. Connection Between Mass Shootings and Domestic Violence Between 2009 and 2015, 57 percent of mass shootings overlapped with domestic violence, in that the victims included a spouse, former spouse, or another family member of the perpetrator, according to an analysis of FBI data conducted by Everytown for Gun Safety. Additionally, nearly 20 percent of attackers had been charged with domestic violence.   Assault Weapons Ban Would Reduce Problem The Federal Assault Weapons Ban was in effect between 1994 and 2004. It outlawed the manufacture for civilian use of some semi-automatic firearms and large capacity magazines. It was prompted into action after 34 children and a teacher were shot in a schoolyard in Stockton, California, with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle in 1989 and by the shooting of 14 people in 1993 in a San Francisco office building, in which the shooter used semi-automatic handguns equipped with a hellfire trigger, which makes a semi-automatic firearm fire at a rate approaching that of a fully automatic firearm. A study by The Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence published in 2004 found that in the five years prior to the bans implementation, assault weapons it outlawed accounted for nearly 5 percent of gun crime. During its period of enactment, that figure fell to 1.6 percent.  Data compiled by the Harvard School of Public Health and presented as a timeline of mass shootings shows that mass shootings have occurred with much greater frequency since the ban was lifted in 2004, and the victim count has risen steeply. Semi-automatic and high-capacity firearms are the weapons of choice for those who perpetrate mass shootings. As  Mother Jones  reports, more than half of all mass shooters possessed high-capacity magazines, assault weapons, or both. According to this data, a third of the weapons used in mass shootings since 1982 would have been outlawed by the failed Assault Weapons Ban of 2013.

Personalized Medicine And Its Using For Predicting Disease Essay - 1

Personalized Medicine And Its Using For Predicting Disease - Essay Example With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and other disciplines of biology, I believe that within the next twenty-five years, personalized medicine would become an integral part of our world, making an enormous impact on the healthcare and medicine. In the model of personalized medicine, each individual is different and medication needs to be tailored according to his bodily requirements rather than using the same medicine for every individual for a particular disease (National Institute of Health). However, in order to make the personalized medicine a reality, the ‘doctor’ should have sufficient information about the patient, generally in the form of his genome. In 2001, when the Human Genome Project was completed, the cost of sequencing the entire genome exceeded 100 million dollars. However, with the advancements in biotechnology, the cost has drastically fallen to just ten thousand dollars (National Human Genome Research Institute). Even though this amount is still out of reach of a common man, the decrease in cost is quite dramatic. With the increased funding in the field of biology, it is expected that the cost would further reduce and eventually it would be within the reach of every person to have his genome sequenced. This would have far-reaching consequences and usher the humans into the new realm of personalized medicine. Hundreds of diseases could be prevented through earlier diagnosis as the data from the genome could indicate potential tendencies in an individual to develop a certain disease (Starr). The development described above would have a radical impact not only on the general well-being of the humans but it would also have far-reaching consequences on the lifestyle as well as the economy.

Article Summary The Promise of Placebo Power Essay

Article Summary The Promise of Placebo Power - Essay Example Basing on the study of Finniss, Benedetti and colleagues, the scholar argues that there are different placebo effects depending on the context. To illustrate, Benedetti and his colleagues have found that when an opioid is replaced by a placebo, the body compensates the shortage by using its own internal opioids. However, when a non-steroidal drug is replaced by a placebo, there is still placebo effect even though the body has no internal chemical to replace the same. However, when patients are given only a placebo without the real drug, it is found that they still get relief, but the degree of relief is greatly dependent on the therapeutic context and the person’s expectations. In an experiment, it is found that people who receive injection from doctors get more relief than people who get injection from robots. This clearly indicates the importance of therapeutic context. However, there are various ethical issues in applying placebos, says Kirby. First of all, it is unjustifia ble to give a placebo to any patient and wait for the effect. Instead, it is necessary to develop parallel mechanisms which will ensure enhanced placebo effects. That means it is highly necessary to develop the capability which will enable doctors to identify people who can be treated with less real medicine and more placebo. That will mean reduced side-effects and costs. However, in the opinion of Kirby, how drug companies will accept placebo research remains rather ambiguous. While Finniss expects a warm welcome, Benedetti feels that drug companies will hate placebo responders as they can adversely affect the quality of clinical trials. In total, according to Kirby, placebo effect is real and multifaceted. The medical field needs to grow further to utilize the positive side of placebo effect. Analysis The article ‘The Promise of Placebo Power’ by Tony Kirby is about the study of the placebo effects by Damian Finniss and his team. The author argues based on the work by Finniss and others that placebos do have an effect. By reporting a number of studies by people like Finniss, Benedetti and Moerman, Kirby makes the claim that placebos manage to simulate an active treatment. Also, there is the claim that there are different placebo effects. It seems that the information provided by the scholar is just a tip of the iceberg. Admittedly, placebo has been a matter of controversy in the medical fraternity for quite some time now, and there are various studies showing contradictory results. However, Kirby has decided to give attention to a few of them to keep the argument watertight. Evidently, Kirby is writing the article for a range of people from various walks of life. This justifies the simplified presentation of the issue. Admittedly, the presentation of the article suits the nature of the intended audience. The article appeared in The Weekend Australian newspaper. Thus, one can say that the intended audience is mainly common people without any spec ialized knowledge on the subject. Evidently, Kirby has started the article with sufficient information about placebos and then goes into the details. This shows that he takes all readers into consideration. It seems that Kirby is heavily dependent on the studies he reports and he does not dare to draw any

Education quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education quiz 2 - Essay Example A concrete example of this can be made by comparing the speed of reading between a learner who uses the Braille slate and a student who is not visually-impaired. According to healthguidance.org, the average reading speed of an adult is 250 words per minute. On the other hand, the Braille reading speed registers an average of 125 words per minute according to RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. In short, people who use the Braille slate demonstrate a 50% decrease in reading efficiency which has a significant impact in learning. Aside from causing reduced efficiency in reading, visual impairment limits the mobility of an individual. Limited mobility translates to inability to do tasks or perform actions that can be crucial for field learning. Observation, experimentation and interactive activities that can likely enhance learning cannot be accomplished. Additionally, a visually-impaired individual needs to rest the eyes in between tasks more than an individual with good eyesight. 2. B. There are different approaches which can be used to enhance the instructional accommodation of students with visual impairment. Some of these remedies are guided by the lessons from Master Differentiators. The first approach is to classify the students according to the following criteria: functional blindness, low vision and blindness. These varying degrees of visual impairment can serve as guide in preparing more learner-oriented curriculum and materials. The process begins by placing the learners in different classrooms. Then, targeted instruction can be administered which can heighten the learning experience. The second approach would utilize different learning materials for more effective instruction. Technology can be harnessed by using digital projectors as substitute for the traditional blackboard. Even software programs that come with a tablet for writing could aid the students to write. All these enhancements not only assist the learners to overco me their disability but also provide more time for instructors to attend to other instructional activities. The third accommodation is related to the second option although this one does not employ technology. Learning materials with a high-contrast would be used so learners can easily differentiate objects. There are two purposes for using high-contrast material: to reduce eye strain and possibly improve information processing. If national standards would come up with recommendations on color combinations ( as result of study or research ), this would greatly be a step forward in helping these learners. References Cox, P. R., & Dykes, M. K. Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students With Visual Impairments. (pp. 68-74). Vancouver: The Council for Exceptional Children. Craig, C. J., Hough, D. L., Churchwell, C., & Schmitt, V. (2002, June). A Statewide Study on the Literacy of Students with Visual Impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , pp. 452-455. Mark, T. (n.d.). What Is the Average Reading Speed and the Best Rate of Reading? Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Health Guidance: http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13263/1/What-Is-the-Average-Reading-Speed-and-the-Best-Rate-of-Reading.html RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. (n.d.). Reading Braille. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.ridbcrenwickcentre.com/louisbraille/ facts/reading-braille/ 2. A. Challenges in reading

Network Simulation With OPNET Modeler

Network Simulation With OPNET Modeler M.KAMRAN USMANI ABSTRACT Routing protocol is the key for the quality of modern communication network. EIGRP, OSPF and RIP are the dynamic routing protocols being used in the practical networks to propagate network topology information to the neighboring routers. There have been a large number of static and dynamic routing protocols available but choice of the right protocol for routing is dependent on many parameters critical being network convergence time, scalability, memory and CPU requirements, security and bandwidth requirement etc. This Assignment uses OPNET simulation tool to analyze the performance of RIP and EIGRP commonly used in IP network. Initially We have Following Network. By Examining the Network we figure out that Red line indicating the Data Rate of 44.736 Mbps between network components and only Network connection between London Office and Portsmouth office has Data Rate of 64 Kbps. The Traffic Flow between London Office and Bristol_corporate is IP_Traffic Flow having following chracteristics      RIP Protocol Over Netwrok: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector dynamic routing protocol that employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP is implemented on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its transport protocol. It is assigned the reserved port number 520. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from the source to a destination. The maximum number of permitted hops is 15. Hence a hop count of 16 is considered an infinite distance. This hop number limits the size of networks that RIP may support. RIP selects paths that have the smallest hop counts. However, the path may be the slowest in the network. RIP is simple and efficient in small networks. First we have to run RIP routing protocol in the network for a simulation period of 600 seconds with selecting following criteria Path Selection Time Taken for routing convergence Protocol Overhead Path Selection For path selection we get following result with RIP protocol The IP traffic Flow is from London to Bristol Corporate and due to Low Data rate between London to Portsmouth path as compare to London to Oxford path the RIP protocol follows maximum the low Data rate path which is London Office to Portsmouth, and graph displays data throughput for the links London to Portsmouth and Portsmouth to Bristol. Time Taken for routing convergence RIP is distance vector routing protocols, announces its routes in an unsynchronized and unacknowledged manner. This can lead to convergence problems. The graph is showing the time taken for routing convergence of RIP. The convergence time is high 6.975 sec that’s mean routers are finding it difficult to exchange state information. Protocol Overhead RIP is a â€Å"distance vector† based protocol selects the best routing path based on a distance metric (the distance) and an interface (the vector) , RIP protocols evaluate the best path based on distance, which can be measured in terms of hops or a combination of metrics calculated to represent a distance value. In this exercise RIP selects London to Portsmouth link and maximum utilization occurs . The utilisation and convergence data suggests there is some queuing and blocking on the link. For example, the utilisation for the London to Portsmouth link is high i.e 84.629 therefore suggesting the link is suffering from over-utilisation. Queuing/Delay In the point to point queuing graph , the London to Portsmouth Link contains queuing delay on average 3.6032 sec , therefore suggesting there is traffic blocking or queuing on the link. The link between London to Portsmouth uses a DS0 (Blue) cable with a data rate of 64Kbps compared to the other links in the network that use a DS3 cable (Red) with a data rate of 44.736Mbps; therefore the combination of the over-utilisation of the London to Portsmouth link with the low data rate cable (DS0) has caused traffic queuing or blocking to occur. -Excersise -2 - EIGRP Protocol Over Netwrok: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol. It is based on a new route calculation algorithm called the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL). It has features of both distance vector and link state protocols. EIGRP metrics are based on reliability, MTU, delay, load, and bandwidth. Delay and bandwidth are the basic parameters for calculating metrics First we have to run EIGRP routing protocol in the network for a simulation period of 600 seconds with selecting following criteria Path Selection Time Taken for routing convergence Protocol Overhead Path Selection For path selection we get following result with EIGRP protocol The IP traffic Flow is from London to Bristol Corporate but as contrast with RIP which selected low data rate path, EIGRP select the path from London to Oxford , Oxford to Birmingham , and Birmingham to Bristol path to achieve the traffic Flow. Time Taken for routing convergence EIGRP is more efficient as compared to RIP , Graphs are showing the convergence duration very fast 0.0074427 Sec as Compared to RIP which was 6.975 Sec with same scenario. Protocol Overhead As Compared to RIP , No over utilisation occurs in EIGRP , Utilisation graphs shown above clearly that the utilisation distributed evenly over path with value for the London to Oxford is 5.5606 , Oxford to Birmingham is 5.5783 and Birmingham to Bristol is 5.5662 EIGRP performs better in terms of network convergence, routing traffic, and Ethernet delay. EIGRP has the characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols, has improved network convergence, reduced routing protocol traffic, and less CPU and RAM utilization compared to RIP protocol. EIGRP has very low usage of network resources during normal operation since only hello packets are transmitted. When a routing table changes, its convergence time is short and it reduces bandwidth utilization -Excersise -3 - FAILURE SCENARIO We introduced a link Failure Scenario between Bristol corporate and Porstmouth Office after 100 Seconds and its recovery at 200 Seconds and run the RIP and EIGRP protocol over network. Following are our Observations with side by side comparison of RIP and EIGRP Utilization In the RIP protocol the link failure after 100 sec prevented the traffic to flow; therefore when the link recovered after 200 sec a huge amount of traffic was bottlenecked on the link causing the utilisation of the London to Portsmouth to suddenly increase. Also it can be observed that during the time of the failure the RIP protocol began to reroute the traffic over the London to Oxford, Oxford to Birmingham, and Birmingham to Bristol links before the link recovered the graph is showing this small utilization on the links. In the EIGRP Protocol, link failure event did not affect the utilisation of the EIGRP protocol because the link was not used in the routing path; The EIGRP did not use the link Portsmouth to Bristol in its path selection, so the performance of the network will be barely affected by the failure ; hence the utilisation values doesn’t change Convergence In RIP The Convergence Duration becomes much higher as compare to old scenario before Failure , it was 6.975 before and 19.409 now , this is because routers updates their routing tables when failure occurred and recovered it takes more time period , In Contrast with EIGRP protocol the Convergence Duration becomes 0.012273 , much less than RIP this is because EIGRP only update the link failure routing table not the whole network , So EIGRP provides much efficient and faster way to achieve convergence. Time Delay of Protocol More IP packets drops in RIP as compared to EIGRP because of the failure in link of the path which RIP follows , and as contrast less IP packets drops in EIGRP because it does not follow the path of failure link. -Excersise -4 - Consider the given Network merging with another network, Picture shown below the merging Network The IP Traffic flows sending traffic from London Office to three destination North-wales Plant, Birmingham Plant and Oxford Office. We defined IP Traffic according to given table. A New Link DS_1 ( Black Line in Picture ) introduced which connects North-wales Plant to London Office via The New Manchester Office. We runs RIP as routing Protocol which gives us Following observations: Utilization From Graph it is clearly showing that utilisation is high for London office to Manchester office and Manchester Office to North Wales Both are approximately 97 % utilisation which is overutilization and cause serious problems to the network. For London to oxford office and Oxford to Birmingham Plant the utilisation is nearly 13% and 6% this is because of link using high data rate cable DS3 where we get the low utilisation and low data rate comparatively where we get lower data rate cable. DS1 cable has data rate of 1.5Mbps which DS3 has 44.736 Mbps With this Observation , we come to know that one possible solution is using EIGRP protocol , as EIGRP protocol solve the over utilisation problem from our network. Lets see by running the EIGRP protocols and compare the result of it with RIP The EIGRP protocol solves the Over utilization problem we have faced in RIP protocol and the resultant graph and comparison is showing this clearly with evenly distributed utilization over selected path by EIGRP. CONCLUSIONS : It can be seen that EIGRP compared to RIP performs better in terms of network convergence activity and Routing protocol traffic. EIGRP has the characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols, has improved network convergence, reduced routing protocol traffic, and less CPU and RAM utilization compared to RIP References: Performance Analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF using OPNET By Don Xu and Ljiljana TrajkoviĆ¡ Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using OPNET Modeller By Thornier, S.G.

Summary and Analysis of The Prioress Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Prioress Tale Essays

Summary and Analysis of The Prioress' Tale (The Canterbury Tales) The Prioress' Tale: The Prioress tells a tale set in an Asian town dominated by the Jewry in which usury and other things hateful to Christ occurred. The Christian minority in the town opened a school for their children in this city. Among these children was a widow's son, an angelic seven year old who was, even at his young age, deeply devoted to his faith. At school he learned a song in Latin, the Alma redemptoris, and asked the meaning of it. According to an older student, this song was meant to praise the Virgin Mary. As he was walking home from school one day singing this song, he provoked the anger of the Jews of the city, whose hearts were possessed by Satan. They hired a murderer who slit the boys' throat and threw the body into a cesspool. The widow searched for her missing child, begging the Jews to tell her where her child might be found, but they refuse to help. When she found him, although his throat was slit, he began to sing the Alma redemptoris. The other Christians of the city rushed to the child and carried him to the abbey. The local provost cursed the Jews who knew of this murder and ordered their death by hanging. Before the child was buried, he began to speak. The Virgin Mary had placed a pearl on his tongue that allowed him to speak, despite his fatal wound, but when the pearl was removed he would finally pass on to heaven. The story ends with a lament for the young child and a curse on the Jews who perpetrated this crime. Analysis The Prioress' Tale is overtly a religious tale centered around Christian principles and a devotion to the Virgin Mary, but within the warm affection that the Prioress shows for her Christian faith is a disquieting anti-Semitism that will be immediately obvious to the modern reader. The tale is an overwrought melodrama, replete with scenes of such banal sentimentalism and simplistic moral instruction. The tale is an unabashed celebration of motherhood. The guiding figure of the tale is the Virgin Mary, who serves as the exemplar for Christian values and the intervening spirit who sustains the murdered child before he passes on to heaven. Her mortal parallel is the mother of the murdered boy, who dearly loves her son and struggles to find the boy when he is lost.